- Dil Nasıl Öğrenilir ? -

GEREKENLER

* İyi bir grammar kitabı (Temel ders kitabı)
* Çok çok iyi bir sözlük (eğer küçük sarı bir sözlüğünüz varsa atın gitsin)
* Biraz grammar öğrendikten sonra English-English kullanılması önerilir
* Cümle kitabı (Değişik cümlelerle dolu konuşma kitabı)
* Güncel ve kendi ilgi alanınıza uygun dergiler ve gazeteler (Abone olabilirsen daha iyi)
* Okuma kitabı (Yine ilgi alanına uygun kitaplar(hikaye vs. türlerde)) (Zor kitaplardan başlayın)
* iPod veya CD-Player
* Kurs kasetleri/CD'leri (bunları piyasalardan bulabilirsiniz) (şive için)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE BE 1

Simple Present Tense Be 1

1- Simple Present Tense'in BE fiiline örnek birkaç cümle:

This is my brother. He's ten years old.
I'm a student. These are my books.
They aren't at home. They're at the theatre.

2- Simple Present Tense BE fiilin cümledeki kullanım şekilleri şöyledir:

OlumLu	Olumsuz	Soru
I am a student.	I am not a student.	Am I a student?
You are a teacher.	You aren't a teacher.	Are you a teacher?
He is a doctor.	He isn't a doctor.	Is he a doctor?
She is a nurse.	She isn't a nurse.	Is she a nurse?
It is a cat.	It isn't a cat.	Is it a cat?
We are happy.	We aren't happy.	Are we happy?
They are in England.	They aren't in England.	Are they in England?

3- Konuşmalarda genellikle kısaltmalar yaparız.
Örneğin:
She's my sister. He's my brother. I'm from Italy. They're German.

4- Simple Present Tense BE aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanılır:

Kim olduğumuzu anlatırız:

I'm Erkan and this is my friend Mustafa. We're from Turkey.

Hava durumunu anlatırız:

It's cold today.
It's a beautiful day.
It's usually hot here!
It isn't very warm today.

Zamanı anlatırız:

It's ten o'clock.
It's half past four.
You're late!

Mekanı anlatırız:

Milan is in the north of Italy.
John and Mary are in Yorkshire.

İnsanların yaşlarını anlatırız:

My sister is seven years old.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

( GENİŞ ZAMAN )

Third person singular (Üçüncü tekil şahıslar)

Note:

1. he, she, it: üçüncü tekil şahıslarında fiilin sonuna -s: eklenir.
   he wants, she need s, he give s, she think s.
   
   
2. Olumsuz ve soru şekillerinde DOES yardımcı fiili eklenir + fiil yalın haldedir.
   He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
   
   
3. Sonu -y ile biten fiillerde -s eklenirken -y kalkarak -i'ye dönüşür ve böylece -ies olarak kullanılır:
   fly - flies, cry - cries
   
   İstisna: -y den önce sesli harf varsa bu değişiklik olmaz:
   play - plays, pray - prays
   
   
4. Sonu -ss, -x, -sh, -ch ile biten fiillere -es eklenir:
   he pass es, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

Examples:

1. Third person singular with s or -es

a. He goes to school every morning.
b. She understands English.
c. It mixes the sand and the water.
d. He tries very hard.
e. She enjoys playing the piano.

2. Simple present, form

Example: to like, present simple

Olumlu	soru	Olumsuz
I like	Do I like ?	I do not like.
You like	Do you like?	You don't like.
he, she, it likes	Does he, she, it like?	He, she, it doesn't like.
we like	Do we like?	We don't like.
you like	Do you like?	You don't like.

The simple present şunlar için kullanılır:

1. Alışkanlıkları, değişmez gerçekleri, tekrarlanan hareketleri ya da sabit durumları, duygu ve dilekleri ifade etmek için:
   I smoke (alışkanlık); I work in London (değişmeyen, sabit bir durum); London is a large city (gerçek)
   
   
2. Talimatlar ya da yön tarifleri için :
   You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.
   
   
3. Şimdi ve gelecekte saatleri belirlenmiş düzenlemeler için:
   Your exam starts at 09.00
   
   
4. after, when, before, as soon as, until gibi bağlaçlardan sonra gelecek zaman ifadelerinde:
   He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

DİKKAT! The simple present şimdi, şu anda, içinde bulunduğumuz zamandaki olayları anlatmak için kullanmayınız.

Examples:

1. For habits
   He drinks tea at breakfast.
   She only eats fish.
   They watch television regularly.
   
   
2. For repeated actions or events
   We catch the bus every morning.
   It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
   They drive to Monaco every summer.
   
   
3. For general truths
   Water freezes at zero degrees.
   The Earth revolves around the Sun.
   Her mother is Peruvian.
   
   
4. For instructions or directions
   Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
   You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
   
   
5. For fixed arrangements
   His mother arrives tomorrow.
   Our holiday starts on the 26th March
   
   
6. With future constructions
   She'll see you before she leaves.
   We'll give it to her when she arrives.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Continuous Tense (Şimdiki Zaman)

1.Konuşma anında yapılan işleri anlatır.(I'm working)
2.Gelecek zamn zarfıyla gelecek zamanı anlatır.(We are going next week)

Bazı zamanı bildiren kelimeler:
now: şimdi at present: şu anda
still: hala at the moment: şu anda

Olumlu şekli Olumsuz şekli
Özne+am/is/are+fiil+ing...... Özne+am/is/are+not+fiil+ing....

Örnekler Örnekler
I am playing tennis now. You aren't listening to music now.
It is raining. He isn't sitting now.

Soru şekli
am/is/are+özne+fiil+ing....

Örnekler
Are you learning English now?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE verb ''to be''

Simple Past: Be (I was, they were)

1- We form the Past Simple of be like this. Geçmiş zaman Be fiili aşağıdaki gibi kullanılır.

Olumlu	Olumsuz	Soru
I was happy.	I wasn't happy.	Was I happy?
You were sad.	You weren't a teacher.	Were you sad?
He was tired.	He wasn't tired.	Was he tired?
She was excited.	She wasn't excited.	Was she excited?
It was hungry.	It wasn't hungry.	Was it hungry?
We were in Bodrum.	We weren't in Bodrum.	Were we in Bodrum?
They were burglars.	They weren't burglars.	Were they burglars?

Here are some examples with was and were: İşte was ve were ile ilgili birkaç örnek cümle:

I was in New York last week.

We were at home yesterday evening.

They weren't late this morning.

Was it a good film?

2- We use was/were when we are talking about the past. Look at these examples: Geçmişten bahsediyorken was/were kullanırız. Bu örneklere bakınız:

a) was/were + facts about the past: was/were + geçmiş ile ilgili gerçekler:

John F. Kennedy was an American president.

Our first house was in the centre of town.

A: Were your answers correct?
B: No, they were all wrong!

b) was/were + place and time: was/were + yer ve zaman:

+ PLACE + TIME We were in Spain in June She wasn't at home last night

c) was/were + adjective (e.g. cold, tired): was/were + sıfat (örn. soğuk, yorgun):

It was cold yesterday.

They were tired after the journey.

The train was late again this morning.

A: Were your exams easy?
B: The first exam was easy, but the second one wasn't.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense

1. Biçim

Regular verbs (Düzenli Fiiller): fiil+ed
Örnek: walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped

Irregular verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller):

Simple Past Tense (be, have, do):

Subject	Be (olmak)	Have (sahip olmak)	Do (Yapmak)
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He, she, it	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
You	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

Olumlu Şekli
a. I was in Japan last year
b. She had a headache yesterday.
c. We did our homework last night.

Olumsuz ve Soru Şekli
Not: "do" 'nun geçmiş zamandaki olumsuz ve soru şekli için "did"yardımcı fiilini kullanınız.
Örnek: We didn't do our homework last night.
"have" 'in geçmiş zamanda olumsuz şekli genellikle "did" yardımcı fiil ile yapılır fakat bazen de "had" e sadece "not" ekleyerek yapılmaktadır.
"have" in geçmiş zamanda soru yapılması ise "did" yardımcı fiil ile yapılmaktadır.

• They weren't in Rio last summer.
• We hadn't any money.
  
• We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
  
• We didn't do our exercises this morning.
  
• Were they in Iceland last January?
  
• Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
  
• Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Simple Past Tense, Düzenli Fiiller

Olumlu Özne	fiil + ed
I	washed
Olumsuz Özne	did not	Fiilin yalın hali
They	didn't	visit ...
Soru Did	özne	Fiilin yalın hali
Did	she	arrive...?
Olumsuz Soru Did not	Özne	Fiilin yalın hali
Didn't	you	like..?

Örnek: to play, simple past tense.

I played	I didn't play	Did I play?
You played	You didn't play	Did you play?
He,she,it played	He didn't play	Did he play?
We played	We didn't play	Did we play?
You play	You didn't play	Did you play?
They played	They didn't play	Did they play?

Not : For Olumsuz ve soru biçimlerinde geçmiş zamandaki tüm fiillerde, daima 'did' yardımcı fiilini kullanın.

Örnekler: Simple Past Tense, Düzensiz Filler

to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn't go to bed early last night.

to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn't give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my passport?

to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn't come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?

2. Kullanımı

Simple Past Tense geçmişte olmuş bitmiş olayları anlatmak için kullanılır. Geçmişteki zamanın bizen yakın yada uzak olması önemli değildir.

• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• My father died last year.
• He lived in Fiji in 1976.
• We crossed the Channel yesterday.

Simple Past Tense aşağıdaki zaman zarflarıyla kullanılır.

• frequency (sıklık zarfları):
  often, sometimes, always;
• a definite point in time (geçmişteki belirli bir nokta):
  last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
• an indefinite point in time (geçmişteki belirsiz bir nokta):
  the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

Örnek Cümleler :

a. Yesterday, I arrived in London.
b. She finished her work at eight o'clock.
c. We saw a good film last week.
d. I went to the movie last night.
e. She played the guitar when she was a child.
f. He sent me a postcard five months ago.
g. John left ten minutes ago.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present Perfect Tense

1.Present Perfect Tense'in Yapısı:

Türkçe'de karşıtı bulunmayan bu zaman Türk öğrenciler tarafından kavranması oldukca güç olmaktadır. Bu zaman iki ögeden meydana gelmektedir. Birincisi aynen geniş zamanda kullandığımız şekliyle 'have' yardımcı fiilidir. İkincisi ise esas fiil olarak kullanacağımız fiilin ücüncü şeklidir.
Fiilin ücüncü şekli fiile -ed eklenerek yapılan Regular Verbs (Düzenli Fiiler) ya da fiilin değişime uğradığı Irregular Verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller)'dir.

Olumlu (Subject + have + verb 3) I have studied English. You have given the clues. He has read the book. She has visited the museum. It has flown. We have bought a new car. They have gone to New York. Olumsuz (Subject + have not + verb 3) I haven't written the letter. You haven't replied. He hasn't watched the film. She hasn't cooked the meal. It hasn't drunk the milk. We haven't asked the question. They haven't completed the construction. Soru (Have + Subject + Verb 3) Have I asked that question? Have You read the newspaper? Has he clarified the problem? Has she had an accident? Has it climbed the wall? Have we solve the problem? Have they sold the house? Olumsuz Soru (Have not + subject + verb 3) Haven't I read that book? Haven't You painted the room? Hasn't he known that? Hasn't she played the piano? Hasn't it worked out? Haven't we warned them? Haven't they gone to the meeting?

Örnek 1: to work,

Olumlu	Olumsuz	Soru
I have worked	I haven't worked	Have I worked?
You have worked	You haven't worked	Have you worked?
He, she, it has worked	He, she, it hasn't worked	Has he,she,it worked
We have worked	We haven't worked	Have we worked?
You have worked	You haven't worked	Have you worked?
They have worked	They haven't worked	Have they worked?

Örnek 2: to go,

Olumlu	Olumsuz	Soru
I have gone	I haven't gone	Have I gone?
You have gone	You haven't gone	Have you gone?
He, she, it has gone	He, she, it hasn't gone	Has he,she,it gone
We have gone	We haven't gone	Have we gone?
You have gone	You haven't gone	Have you gone?
They have gone	They haven't gone	Have they gone?

2. Kullanım
Present Perfect Tense geçmiş ile şu an arasındaki bağlantıyı göstermek için kullanılır. Eylem daha önce başlamıştır ama belirsizdir ve eylemin kendisinden çok sonucu önemlidir.

Present perfect Tense'in kullanılışı:

1. Hal ya da eylem geçmişte başlamıştır ve şu anda devam etmektedir.
Örneğin: I have lived in Afyon since 1995 (= and I still do.)

2. Bir süredir devam eden eylem henüz tamamlanmamıştır.
Örneğin: She has been to the theatre five times this week (= and the month isn't over yet.)

3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan bir eylemi anlatır.
Örneğin: We have visited Cyprus several times.

4.Çok yakın bir geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylemi anlatır. (just zarfı ile ifade edilir.)
Örneğin: I have just finished my homework.

5. Zamanı önemsiz olan bir eylemi anlatır.
Örneğin: He has read 'Great Gatsby'. (Kitabın okunması yani sonuç önemlidir.)

Önemli Not: when, where, who sorularına ayrıntılı cevaplar vermek istediğimizde , simple past tense kullanırız..
Örneğin: He read 'Great Gatsby' last week.

Örnekler:

1. Geçmişte başlamış ve şu anda devam eden eylemler.
a. They haven't lived here for years.
b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
c. We have had the same car for ten years.
d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?

2. Bir süredir devam eden ve tamamlanmamış eylemler.
a. I have worked hard this week.
b. It has rained a lot this year.
c. We haven't seen her today.

3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan eylemler.
a. They have seen that film four times.
b. It has happened several times already.
c. She has visited them frequently.
d. We have drunk coffee at that cafe many times.

4.Yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış eylemler (+just).
a. Have you just finished work?
b. I have just eaten.
c. We have just watched the program.
d. Has he just arrive?

5. Zamanı belirsiz ya da önemsiz olan eylemler.
a. Someone has eaten my cake!
b. Have you seen 'Life's an Adventure?
c. She's studied Geograpy, Maths and Science.